Hugo Magnus : Ophthalmology of the Ancients

Volume 2

 

 

 

   Hugo Magnus

  

 

   Ophthalmology of the Ancients

  

 Part Two

  

  

  

  

  

 § 198

 Compress or plaster,

 255

 § 199

 Compress,

 256

  

 Dry steam bath

 256

  

 Wool compress

 256

  

 Bread compress ,

 256

  

 Linen compress

 256

  

 Plant compress

 256

  

 Barley-meal compress

 256

 § 200

 Plaster,

 257

 § 201

 Pastile,

 257

 § 202

 Salve,

 257

 § 203

 Eye-lotion,

 258

 § 204

 Eye-powder,

 259

 § 205

 General conditions and indirect medicinal treatment,

 259

  

 Use of water

 259

  

 Protection from light

 260

  

 Conditions during the night

 260

 § 206

 General remarks concerning ophthalmic surgery,

 261

 § 207

 Local ophthalmic surgery,

 261

  

 Lid operations

 261

  

 Conjunctival operations

 262

  

 Comeal operations

 262

  

 Staar operation

 262

  

 Operations on the entire eyeball

 262

  

 Operation for lacrimal fistula

 262

 § 208

 In what season are operations best performed?,

 262

 § 209

 Operation for sebaceous cyst,

 263

 § 210

 Operation for hordeolum,

 263

 § 211

 Operation for chalazion,

 263

 § 212

 Operation for lid abscess,

 263

 § 213

 Operation for symblepharon,

 263

 § 214

 Operations for distichiasis and trichiasis,

 264

  

 Procedure of Papias

 264

 § 215

 Operation for ectropion of the upper lid (lagophthalmos),

 265

 § 216

 Operation for ectropion of the lower lid,

 265

 § 217

 Operation for entropion,

 266

 § 218

 Operation for pterygium,

 266

 § 219

 Operation on the caruncle,

 267

 § 220

 Operation for pinguecula,

 267

  

  

  

 § 221

 Operative treatment of trachoma,

 267

 § 222

 Operation for staphylome,

 268

  

 Ligature

 268

  

 Cutting away

 269

 § 223

 Operative treatment of corneal spots,

 269

  

 Coloration of corneal spots

 269

 § 224

 First description of the Staar operation,

 270

 § 225

 Enucleation,

 271

 § 226

 Incision of the eyeball for panophthalmitis,

 272

 § 227

 Operation for buphthalmos,

 272

 § 228

 Removal of a purulent eyeball,

 272

 § 229

 Operation for fistula of the lacrimal sac,

 272

 § 230

 Use of mydriatic remedies,

 273

 § 231

 Narcosis and local anesthesia,

 274

 § 232

 Indirect ophthalmic surgery directed on the demands of humorism,

 275

 § 233

 Bleeding,

 276

 § 234

 Cupping,

 276

 § 235

 Incising the scalp,

 276

 § 236

 Burning the scalp,

 277

 § 237

 Physical ophthalmotherapy,

 277

 § 238

 Whether optical devices (grasses, magnifiers) served a therapeutic purpose,

 277

  

 Passage of Pliny

 278

  

 Passage of Theophrastus

 279

  

 Passage of Seneca

 280

  

 Chapter XIII. The status of the eye practitioner of the Alexandrian era up to the end of antiquity

 281

  

  

  

  

 Fourth Period. Ophthalmology from the appearance of Galen until the end of antiquity with the appearance of Paul of Aegina

 289

  

 Bibliography

 289

 § 239

 General characteristics,

 290

  

 Chapter XIV. The anatomy of the eye from the appearance of Galen until the end of antiquity with the appearance of Paul of Aegina

 292

  

  

  

 § 240

 General characteristics,

 292

 § 241

 Eyebrows,

 293

 § 242

 Eyelids,

 293

 § 243

 Eyelashes,

 296

 § 244

 Orbital cavity,

 296

 § 245

 The tunics of the eyebali,

 296

 § 246

 Conjunctiva,

 297

 § 247

 The sclera with the comea,

 298

 § 248

 The choroid and the iris,

 298

 § 249

 Ciliary body,

 300

 § 250

 Retina,

 303

 § 251

 Anterior lens capsule,

 304

 § 252

 Lens,

 304

 § 253

 Vitreous body,

 306

 § 254

 Aqueous humor,

 307

 § 255

 Inner space of the eyeball. Anterior and posterior chambers,

 308

 § 256

 Optic nerve,

 309

  

 Orbital part of the optic nerve

 310

  

 Chiasm

 312

  

 The part of the optic nerve lying between the chiasm and the brain

 313

 § 257

 Extraocular musculature,

 314

 § 258

 The tear organs,

 315

  

 Tear sac

 316

  

 Lacrimai glands

 316

 § 259

 The oculomotor nerve,

 316

 § 260

 Vessels nourishing the eye,

 317

 § 261

 Development of the eye,

 317

  

 Chapter XV. Physiology of the eye from the appearance of Galen until the end of antiquity with the appearance of Paul of Aegina

 317

  

  

  

 § 262

 General characteristics,

 317

  

 Scientific speculation

 318

 § 263

 The act of seeing and the theory of light,

 319

  

 The four factors necessary for vision according to Nemesis

 320

  

 Conduct of visual rays emerging from one eye to the fixated object

 321

  

 Conduct of visual rays emerging from both eyes to the object fixated with both eyes .

 322

 § 264

 Central visual acuity,

 325

 § 265

 Peripheral visual acuity respective to the theory of the visual field,

 326

 § 266

 Accommodation,

 327

 § 267

 Pupillary movements,

 327

 § 268

 Oeular movements,

 328

 § 269

 The theory of memory,

 329

 § 270

 The theory of color,

 329

  

 Chapter XVI. Pathology of the eye from the appearance of Galen until the end of antiquity with the appearance of Paul of Aegina

 330

  

  

  

 § 271

 General ophthalniic pathology and diagnostic in Galenic and post-Galenic times,

 330

  

 Occupation

 331

  

 The person of the individual

 331

  

 Manner of living

 332

 § 272

 Special ophthalnùc diagnosis and pathology,

 333

 § 273

 System of eye diseases,

 334

 § 274

 System of conjunctival diseases,

 337

 § 275

 Irritation of the conjunctiva,

 337

 § 276

 Conjunctival catarrh,

 338

 § 277

 Blennorrheal conditions,

 341

 § 278

 Trachoma,

 342

 § 279

 Chemosis,

 344

 § 280

 Phlectana,

 344

 § 281

 Pterygium,

 345

 § 282

 Wounds and hemorrhages of the conjubctiva,

 346

 § 283

 Neoplasms of the conjunctiva,

 346

 § 284

 Diseases of the lacrimal caruncle,

 347

 § 285

 Y-xXilpo(pOalbiict, @po@OctXli(a, ipo)po(pGa).Iifa,

 348

 § 286

 Diseases of the com@

 349

 § 287

 Infiltration of the comea,

 349

 § 288

 Inflammation of the comea,

 350

 § 289

 Comeal ulcer,

 350

 § 290

 Comeal scars,

 353

  

 Prolapse of the iris

 354

  

 Treatment of comeal spots and scars

 355

  

 Coloration of comeal spots

 356

 § 291

 Age changes of the comea,

 356

 § 292

 Wounds of the comea,

 357

 § 293

 Afflictions of the iris in the Galenic and Byzantine period,

 357

 § 294

 Inflanunation of the iris,

 357

  

 Cli@cal manifestations of infianunation of the iris

 358

  

 Treatment of inflammation of the iris

 359

 § 295

 Dryness of the iris,

 360

 § 296

 Enlargement of the pupil,

 360

 § 297

 Contraction of the pupil,

 361

 § 298

 Diseases of the lens,

 362

 § 299

 Cloudiness of the pupil of younger persons,

 362

 § 300

 The doctrine of uncomplicated cloudiness of the lens or grey Staar,

 363

  

  

  

 § 301

 The ancient clinical picture of

 363

  

 Actual glaucoma

 364

 § 307

 Complicated cloudiness of the lens,

 372

 § 308

 Changes in position of the lens,

 372

 § 309

 Disturbances of vision,

 373

 § 310

 Day-blindness and night-blindness,

 374

 §311

 Disorders of accommodation,

 376

 § 312

 Anomalies of refraction,

 377

 § 313

 Near-sightedness,

 377

 § 314

 Far-sightedness,

 378

 § 315

 Anomalies of position and movement of the eyeball,

 378

 § 316

 Shrinkage of the eyeball,

 380

 § 317

 Exophthalmos,

 381

 § 318

 Diseases of the tear organs,

 382

 § 319

 Diseases of the lids,

 383

 § 320

 Injuries of the eye,

 388

  

 Injuries of mucous membrane

 388

  

 Injuries of the cornea

 389

  

 Injuries of the iris

 389

  

 Injuries of the optic nerve

 390

  

 Injuries of the extrinsic eye muscles

 390

  

 Complicated injuries

 390

  

 Treatment of eye injuries

 390

  

  

  

  

 Chapter XVII. Treatment of the eye from the appearance of Galen until the end of antiquity with the appearance of Paul of Aegina

 391

 § 321

 General considerations,

 391

 § 322

 Local medicinal treatment,

 392

  

 Quintus Serenus Samonicus

 393

  

 Sextus Philosophus Platonicus

 395

 § 323

 Sympathetic therapy in the post-Galenic period,

 397

 § 324

 Medicinal treatment of humoral changes,

 400

 § 325

 Local surgical treatment in the post-Galenic period,

 400

 § 326

 Removal of sebaceous cysts, sebaceous growths, wens, etc.,

 402

 § 327

 Operation for chalazion,

 403

 § 328

 Operation for hordeolum,

 403

 § 329

 Operation for pedunculated lid wart,

 403

 § 330

 Operation for lid abscess,

 404

 § 331

 Operation for symblepharon,

 404

 § 332

 Operative trearment of anomalies in position of the eyelashes,

 404

  

 Sewing above

 404

 § 333

 Operation for entropion,

 408

 § 334

 Operation for ectropion,

 408

 § 335

 Operation for calcified Meiboniian glands,

 410

 § 336

 Operation for pterygium,

 410

 § 337

 Operation for conjunctival abscess,

 411

 § 338

 Removal of growth called @av@lç appearing at the nasal angle,

 411

 § 339

 Operative treatment of trachoma,

 411

 § 340

 Operation for staphylome,

 412

 § 341

 Coloration of comeal spots,

 415

 § 342

 Operation for hypopyon-keratitis,

 415

 § 343

 Operation for hypochyma, respective to hypochysis and suffusio,

 416

 § 344

 Operation for the displacement of the hard hypochyma, the modern keratonyxis and sclerotonyxis,

 417

  

  

  

 § 345

 Dismemberment of the cataractous lens,

 420

 § 346

 Operative removai of hypochyma from the eyeball,

 421

 § 347

 Survey of operations used on the tear organs,

 423

 § 348

 Splitting of the acutely inflamed tear sac,

 424

 § 349

 Splitting of the acutely inflamed tear sac followed by cauterization,

 424

 § 350

 Splitting followed by curettage of the acutely inflamed tear sac with fistulization,

 424

  

  

  

 § 351

 Splitting followed by cauterization of the acutely inflamed fistulous tear sac,

 424

 § 352

 Trepanation of the lacrimal or nasal bone or projection of the upperjaw,

 425

 § 353

 Removal of the entire tear sac,

 425

 § 354

 Excision of the fistulous part of the tear sac followed by cauterization,

 425

 § 355

 Splitting of the vein at the bridge of the nose followed by cauterization of the area of the tear sac,

 425

  

  

  

 § 356

 Surgical treatment of the prevailing humors, the process causing eye diseases.(Indirect ophth@c surgery.)

 425

  

  

  

 § 357

 Hypospathismus,

 426

 § 358

 Periscyphismus,

 426

 § 359

 Arteriotomy,

 426

 § 360

 Physical and mechanical ophthal@c therapy,

 426

  

 Glasses

 426

  

 Use of artificiel eyes

 426

  

 Massage

 426

  

 Fifth Section. Ancient ophthalmic instruments

 429

 § 361

 Spatula,

 431

 § 362

 Probe,

 432

 § 363

 Knife,

 433

 § 364

 Hook,

 434

 § 365

 Forceps,

 435

 § 366

 Lid scraper,

 436

 § 367

 Tear sac tunnel,

 436

 § 368

 Lactimal bone trepan,

 437

 § 369

 Hypospathister,

 438

 § 370

 Sharp spoon,

 438

 § 371

 Staar needle,

 438

 § 372

 Duster,

 439

 § 373

 Buming iron,

 439

 § 374

 Instruments for drawing blood,

 439

 § 375

 Needles,

 440