TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Volume One

 (§2-13)

 1. Ophthalmology in Ancient Egypt

 (§ 3)

 The antiquity of Egyptian medicine

 (§ 3)

 The character of Egyptian medicine

 (§ 4)

 Ophthalmology in Egypt; the Ebers Papyrus

 (§ 5-13)

 The eye diseases and eye medications mentioned in Ebers Papyrus

 (§ 5)

 Conjunctivitis. No. 1-3

 (§ 5)

 Darkening within the eye. No. 4

 (§ 5)

 The dripping eye. No. 5

 (§ 5)

 Strengthening of an eye. No. 6

 (§ 5)

 Disappearance of the pupil. No. 7

 (§ 5)

 Stone formation. No. 8

 (§ 5)

 White scar. No. 9

 (§ 6)

 Blood suffusion. No. 10

 (§ 6)

 Strabismus. No. 11

 (§ 6)

 Fat (tumor). No. 12

 (§ 6)

 Hordeolum. No. 13

 (§ 6)

 Stupid vision. No. 14

 (§ 6)

 Crocodile disease? No. 15

 (§ 6)

 Edema? No. 16

 (§ 6)

 Phlegmons. No. 17

 (§ 7)

 Rising of the water. No. 18

 (§ 7)

 Tumor of the lachrymal sac. No. 19

 (§ 7)

 Diseases of hair. No. 20

 (§ 8)

 Survey on the eye diseases in Ebers Papyrus

 (§ 9)

 Ocular medication in Ebers Papyrus

 (§ 10)

 Eye paste

 (§ 11)

 Copper and zinc paste

 (§ 11)

 Vitriol, red ochre, lapis lazuli, saltpeter

 (§ 12)

 Ocular medications from plant material

 (§ 12)

 Myrrh. No. 13

 (§ 12)

 Ebony wood. No. 15

 (§ 12)

 Celandine. No. 16

 (§ 13)

 Medication derived from animal material (urine,milk, blood)

 (§ 14)

 A. Ophthalmology in Assyria and Babylon

 (§ 14)

 B. Ophthalmology in Palestine

 (§ 14)

 C. Ophthalmology in Persia

 (§ 15-21)

 II. Ophthalmology in India

 (§ 15)

 History of Indian culture

 (§ 16A)

 Indian medicine

 (§ 16B )

 The ancient Sanskrit manuscripts on medicine

 (§ 17)

 Cataract operation in India

 (§ 18)

 Cataract operation described by Sucruta

 (§ 19A)

 Cataract operation in India in the 19th century

 (§ 19B)

 Success rate of various cataract operations

 (§ 20)

 Ocular diseases described in Sucruta (and Charaka)

 Pathology (76 ocular diseases), diseases of the cornea, iris prolapse,diseases of the sclera, pterygium, chalazion.Hordeolum.Blenorrhea of newborn, granular disease, anthrax, droopy lid, diseases of hair

 (§21A)

 Treatment of eye diseases

 (§21 B)

 The Bower manuscripts

 (§22)

 Ophthalmia neonatorum, lid abscess, foreign bodies

 (§23)

 Evaluation of Indian medicine. Magnet extraction

 (§ 24)

 References on Indian medicine

 (§ 25)

 Medicine in Tibet

 (§ 26A)

 Medicine in China

 (§ 26B)

 Sources on medicine in China

 (§ 27)

 Medicine in Japan

 (§ 28)

 III. Ophthalmology in Ancient Greece

 (§ 28)

 The periods of Greek medicine

 (§ 29)

 The dawn of Greek medicine

 (§ 30)

 The miraculous eye cures by Asklepios of Epidauros

 (§ 31)

 Greek medicine before Hippocrates

 (§ 32)

 The life and work of Hippocrates,, the various editions of the Hippocratic collections

 (§ 33)

 Anatomy and physiology of the visual organ as described in the books by Hippocrates and his pupils

 Nomenclature for various parts of the eye (the word "pupil" in various languages.)

 (§ 34)

 General pathology of the visual organ as perceived by the School of Hippocrates and his pupils

 (§ 35)

 About inflammations of the eye (ophthalmia)

 (§ 36)

 Endemic and epidemic ocular inflammations

 (§ 37)

 The prognosis of eye inflammations

 Pyorrhea, corneal ulcer, perforation, scars, iris prolapse, ophthalmia neonatorum, scrophulous inflammation.

 (§ 38)

 The treatment of ocular inflammations

 (§ 39)

 Bloodletting, avoiding topical medication, cold and warm compresses

 (§ 40)

 Diverting medication

 (§ 41)

 Topical ocular medication of Hippocrates and his disciples..

 (Copper and lead preparation)

 (§ 42)

 Dietetics in eye diseases

 (§ 43)

 Organic eye diseases

 I.Diseases of conjunctiva, compare § 35 and subsequent

 (§ 43)

 II. Diseases of the lids

 1. Hordeolum.

 2. Inflammation of the lid margin

 3. Phlegmon of the lids.

 4. Eversion. About the words "ectropion" and "entropion". (?).

 5. Trichosis, diseases of hair.

 (§ 44)

 III.Diseases of the lachrymal system

 (§ 45)

 IV.Diseases of the cornea

 1. Ulcers

 2. Scars (their names).

 3. Pterygium.

 (§ 46)

 V.Diseases of the iris

 (§ 47)

 VI.Diseases of the lens, "glaukosis". The meaning of the word "glaukos"

 The concept of glaukosis (glaucoma) from Hippocrates to modern times.

 (§48 and following)

 The neurogenic disturbances of the visual organ

 (§ 48 and following)

 Amblyopia and amaurosis

 (§ 48)

 Amblyopia

 a. Amaurosis.

 b. Trephine operation against amaurosis.

 c. Test for amaurosis.

 d. Amaurosis due to wounds in the area of the eyebrows.

 e. Amaurosis due to blood loss. f. Opacities.

 (§ 49)

 The word "scotoma'

 (§ 50)

 Hall vision. The word for hall blindness (Hemianopia, etc.)

 (§ 51 - 53)

 Nyktalopia, day blindness of Hippocrates and his disciples

 (§ 54)

 Nyktalopia, night blindness of Galen and his followers, as defined by the Romans and the Arabs

 (§55)

 Nyktalopia and hemeralopia after the renaissance of science

 (§ 56 and following)

 Subjective phenomena of the visual system ...

 (§ 56)

 Floaters or muscae volantes (so-called "myodesopsia")

 (§ 57)

 Hallucinations and illusions, photopsia, flicker

 (§ 58-59)

 Refractive errors (according to the "problems" of Aristotle ?)

 (§ 58)

 Nearsightedness (the word "myopia ")

 (§ 59)

 Presbyopia (the word "presbyopia")

 (§ 60)

 Strabismus (the words for squinting in the main languages)

 (§ 61)

 Heredity of strabismus

 (§ 62)

 Strabismus caused byparesis (and contracture)

 (§ 63)

 Nystagmus (the word "nystagmus")

 (§ 64)

 The word "hippus" in the ancient world

 (§ 65)

 The same word in modem times

 (§ 66)

 Survey of the 24 ocular diseases described by Hippocrates and his disciples

 (§ 67)

 Semeiology of the eye, ocular changes as prognostic signs..

 (§68)

 Diagnostic and prognostic aphorisms from the "Prognoses of Kos"

 (§69)

 Ocular surgery as described by Hippocrates

 (§ 70)

 Ambidexterity

 About instruments, silence during the operation, eye patch, asepsis. About the words

 (§ 71)

 antisepsis and "asepsis"

 (§ 72-73)

 About the eye operations described by Hippocrates and his pupils

 (§ 74)

 About scarification of the lids (blepharoxysis, ophthalmoxysis) and the excision of granulations

 (§ 75)

 Ophthalmoxysis in antiquity (scarification of conjunctival granulations)

 (§ 76)

 Ophthalmoxysis during the Middle Ages

 (§ 77)

 Ophthalmoxysis in modem times

 (§ 78)

 The excision of conjunctival granulations in antiquity, in the Middle Ages and in modern times

 (§ 79)

 Operation against trichiasis as described by Hippocrates and his pupils

 (§ 80)

 Drainage of a hypopyon

 (§ 81)

 Removal of an arrowhead from the lid

 (§ 82)

 Incision of the scalp for ocular diseases

 (§ 83)

 Burning of the skin of the head for opacifications of vision

 (§ 84)

 Burning of the veins on the back for ocular diseases

 Trephine operation against amaurosis.

 Final comments about Hippocrates.

 (§ 85)

 The school of Alexandria as the founders of scientific medicine in general and of ophthalmology in specific

 (§ 86 and 87)

 Survey on the medical literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans

 (§ 88 and following)

 The science of optics in ancient Greece

 (§ 88)

 The opinions of the old philosophers and the knowledge of the ancient writers about optics

 (§ 89)

 The optics of Euklides

 (§ 90)

 Definition of terms

 (§ 91)

 The smallest visual angle

 (§ 92)

 The visual rays of antique writers, catoptrics

 (§ 93)

 The book of Heron about mirrors

 (§ 94)

 The refraction of light according to Cleomedes

 The Greek terms for reflection and refraction

 (§ 95)

 The optics of Ptolemaeus

 The angle of refraction as measured by Ptolemaeus

 (§ 96)

 Optical illusions

 (§ 97)

 The laws of reflection

 Single vision with two eyes

 (§ 98)

 Experiments on the refraction of light

 (§ 99)

 Why the moon appears larger when it is close to the horizon..

 (§ 100)

 The optics of Damiano. Principles and assumptions

 (§ 101)

 Determination of visual fields and the cone of vision

 (§ 102)

 Galen:About physiologic optics

 (§ 103)

 Historical evaluations about achievements in optics in antiquity

 (§ 104-105)

 There were no spectacles during antiquity, but focusing lenses

 (§ 106-108)

 During antiquity people were not color blind, but they did not develop a color theory

 (§ 109 and following)

 The anatomy of the eye in ancient Greece

 (§ 109)

 The importance of Greek anatomy. Rufus, the terminology of the parts of the eye

 (§ 110)

 The externally visible parts of the eye

 (§ 111)

 The coats and fluids of the eye

 (§ 112)

 Additional remarks about the optic nerve, the coats and the fluids of the eye. The names for the orbita

 (§ 113)

 Celsus and the Latin names for parts of the eye

 (§ 114 and following)

 The anatomy of the eye by Galen´s and our modem terminology

 (§ 114)

 A short description of the eye in Galen's book on the dogmas of Hippocrates and Plato

 (§ 115 and following)

 Galen's book "About the use of the Parts"

 (§ 115)

 Optic nerve, retina, crystalline lens, vitreous, choroid

 (Neuron, neuritis, hyalitis. The names for the retina, choroid and ciliary body.)

 (§ 116)

 The sclera. The connections between the coats of the eye

 (Scleritis, Cyclitis. Iris.)

 (§ 117)

 Cornea, iris, aqueous

 (Keratitis. Pupil, "koré" and the words derived from it.)

 (§ 118)

 The crystalline lens. The protective organs. The lids

 (The names derived from "blepharon". The description of the conjunctiva in antiquity. The words for conjunctiva and cartilage.)

 (§ 119)

 The six muscles which move the eyeball

 (Retractor bulbi. The muscles of the lids.)

 (§ 120)

 The canthus, caruncle, lacrimal organs

 (About the words caruncle, canthus, the combinations with the word "dakryon".)

 (§ 121)

 The optic nerves ("canals"), the chiasm (enables single binacular vision)

 (§ 122)

 The modern anatomical nomenclature of the eye is based on the work by Galenus

 (§ 123)

 Survey of medical dictionaries

 Dictionaries of ophthalmology.

 Dictionaries of various languages.

 (§ 124 and following)

 Ocular pharmacology in antiquity

 (§124)

 Chemistry in antiquity

 (§125)

 Dioscorides and his pharmacology

 (§126)

 His home remedies

 (§127-133)

 Survey of the ocular diseases mentioned by Dioscorides and their appropriate medical treatment..

 (§ 127)

 Diseases of the conjunctiva

 (§ 128)

 Corneal diseases

 (§ 129)

 Diseases of the lids

 (§ 130)

 Injuries of the lids and the eyeball

 (§ 131)

 Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus

 (§ 132)

 Visual disturbances, cataract and glaucoma

 (§ 134)

 The modes of administering the various ocular medications according to Dioscorides

 (§135)

 Ocular medications from various plant extracts according to Dioscorides (henbane,poppyseed,hemiock)..

 (§ 136)

 Ocular medications from animal material mentioned by Dioscorides

 (§ 137 and following)

 Ocular medications consisting of mineral compoun as mentioned by Dioscorides

 (§ 137)

 Alum, earth, stones, sepia bone, salt

 (§ 138)

 Zinc and Copper preparations (cadmine, zinc oxide, copper ore, copper flower, malachite, copper iron sulfate, psoricum, copper azorite)

 (§ 139)

 Misy, Sóry, antimony ore, lead preparations

 (§ 140)

 from preparations, cinnabar, arsenic sulfate

 (§ 141-143)

 The surgical anesthesia in antiquity according to Dioscorides and Plinius

 (§ 142-143)

 Mandrake

 (§ 144)

 Collyria (eye drops)

 (§ 145)

 The modes of using collyria

 (§ 146)

 The names of collyria

 (§ 147)

 The great number of collyria in antiquity

 (§ 148)

 The various kinds of simple eye medications (the soothing ones, the sharp ones,the cleansing ones, the constricting ones, and the diffusing ones). The compound ocular medications

 (§ 149)

 Preparation, indication and mode of application of the collyria

 The clinical ophthalmology of the successors to the Alexandrians.

 (§ 150 and following)

 A. Cornelius Celsus

 (§ 150)

 Literature about Celsus, editions of his work

 (§151)

 The publications by Celsus and their evaluation

 (§152)

 Celsus' work "de medicina "

 (§153 and following)

 The ophthalmology as described by Celsus..

 (§ 153)

 The anatomy of the eye as described by Celsus

 (§ 154)

 Ophthalmia (Lippitudo), its prognosis and sequelae

 (§ 155)

 The treatment of ocular inflammations (Diet, ocular medications.)

 (§ 156)

 Collyria (eye drops)

 (§ 157-158)

 Baths and drinking of wine, purging for ocular inflammations

 (§ 159)

 Proptosis (chemosis, endophthalmitis)

 (§ 160)

 Carbuncle, pustules, ulcers

 (Eye drops from incense and myrrh.)

 (§ 161)

 Atrophy of the eyeball. Lice on the lashes

 (§ 162)

 Chronic mucous secretion

 (§ 163)

 Ulcers

 (§ 164)

 Scars

 (§ 165)

 Trachoma

 (§ 166)

 Dry catarrh, scabies (blepharitis) of the lids

 (§ 167)

 Visual obscurations, cataract

 (§ 168)

 Paralysis of extraocular muscles

 (§ 169)

 Dilatation of the pupil, night blindness, ocular injuries

 (§ 170)

 The 30 eye diseases according to Celsus

 (§ 171)

 Surgery according to Celsus

 (§ 172 and following)

 The surgical treatment of ocular diseases according to Celsus

 (§ 172)

 The excision of cyst-like tumors from the upper lid

 (§ 172)

 Hordeolum and chalazion

 (§ 173)

 Pterygium, enlargement of the caruncle (encanthis)

 (§ 174)

 Adhesions of the lids to each other and to the eyeball

 (§ 175)

 Fistula (aegiloph) of the lacrimal sac

 (§ 176)

 Diseases of the lashes (operations)

 (§ 177)

 Entropion

 (§ 178)

 Lagophtalmos

 (§ 179)

 Staphylome. nail-like tumefaction (clavus)

 (§ 180)

 Cataract and cataract operation

 (§ 181)

 Operation against chronic mucous secretion (incisions into the scalp, scalding, etc.)

 (§ 182)

 Critical evaluation of the ocular surgery according to Celsus, especially of the cataract operation, the history of the cataract operation

 (§ 183)

 The ripening of a cataract according to Celsus

 (§ 184)

 Plastic operations according to Celsus

 (§ 185)

 Condition of the medical profession et the time of Celsus

 (§ 186)

 Medical specialties and general medicine

 (§ 187 and following)

 The Roman literature about ophthalmology after Celsus

 (§ 187-189)

 Scribonius Largus

 (§ 190)

 Theodorus Priscian. Plinius Secundus (?)

 (§191)

 Cassius Felix

 (§192)

 Marcellus

 (§ 193-194)

 The stamps or impressions of Roman ophthalmologists

 (§ 195 and following)

 Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder)

 (§ 195)

 Naturalis Historiae

 (§ 196)

 The 40 eye diseases according to Plinius

 (§ 197)

 Scales (squama) according to Plinius

 (§ 198)

 Anagallis as a mydriaticum according to Plinius

 (§ 199)

 Spring water for eye diseases according to Plinius

 (§200)

 The ophthalmology according to Plinius, explained by some examples

 (§201)

 The medical book of Quintus Serenus

 (§202 ff.)

 Galen

 (§202)

 The life, activities and manuscripts by Galen

 (§ 204)

 The ophthalmic manuscripts by Galen, the main chapters from the still extant manuscripts dealing with ophthalmology

 (§ 205 and following)

 Galen: About Topical Diseases, IV